within-subjects study

被试内研究：每个参与者都经历所有条件的实验设计，便于进行被试内对比。和被试间设计（between-subjects design，不同参与者分配到不同条件）形成对照。

English Definition

"An experimental design in which every participant experiences all conditions or treatments, enabling within-person comparisons. It is contrasted with between-subjects designs, where different participants are assigned to different conditions."

用法说明 · 针对中文母语者

在心理学中也叫 repeated measures design（重复测量设计）。优势是个体差异被天然抵消；劣势是顺序效应（order effect）和学习效应（learning effect）容易出现，所以常配合 counterbalancing。

常见错误

·和 between-subjects design 混淆
·忽视顺序效应

真实用例 · 2 条

"Our within-subjects study (N=20) demonstrated the opportunities of TermSight in making ToS significantly easier to read and navigate while revealing the challenges of augmenting service contracts such as ToS."

论文Pipeline extracted — review needed·摘要中概括 user study 的设计

"To explore the opportunities and challenges of designing contract reading interfaces, we conducted a counterbalanced within-subjects study (N=20) using TermSight and a baseline HTML reader."

论文Pipeline extracted — review needed·方法学部分描述具体的实验设计：counterbalanced + within-subjects + baseline

由 pipeline 自动采集，待人工 review